正义的本质和起源

作不正义事是利，遭受不正义是害。遭受不正义所得的害超过干不正义所得的利。所以人们在彼此交往中既尝到过干不正义的甜头，又尝到过遭受不正义的苦头。两种味道尝到了之后，那些不能专尝甜头不吃苦头的人，觉得最好大家成立契约：既不要得不正义之惠，也不要吃不正义之亏。打这时候起，他们中间才开始订法律立契约。他们把守法践约叫合法的、正义的。这就是正义的本质与起源。

摘自：柏拉图《理想国》第二卷

By nature,they say, to commit injustice is a good and to suffer it is an evil, but that the excess of evil in being wronged is greater than the excess of good in doing wrong. So that when men do wrong and are wronged by one another and taste of both, those who lack the power to avoid the one and take the other determine that it is for their profit to make a compact with one another neither to commit nor to suffer injustice; and that this is the beginning of legislation and covenants between men, and that they name the commandment of the law the lawful and the just, and that this is the genesis and essential nature of justice--a compromise between the best, which is to do wrong with impunity, and the worst, which is to be wronged and be impotent to get one's revenge. Justice, they tell us, being mid-way between the two, is accepted and approved, not as a real good, but as a thing honored in the lack of vigor to do injustice, since anyone who had the power to do it and was in reality 'a man' would never make a compact with anybody either to wrong nor to be wronged; for he would be mad. The nature, then, of justice is this and such as this, Socrates, and such are the conditions in which it originates, according to the theory.

2.358e